what is h.pylori, prevent & treatment

 in this article we'll talk about the helicobacter pylori infection helicobacter pylori is a bacteria it infects the stomach that can cause ulcers about half the world's population have helicobacter pylori in their stomach but not all of them discuss symptoms so let's understand.

 what are the symptoms of helicobacter pilot infection the general symptom is ache and burning sensation in the abdomen and it worsens when the stomach is empty other than that nausea loss of appetite bloating and weight loss is kind of other symptoms of helicobacter pylori infection let's talk about the transfer route of helicobacter pylori could be fecal-oral gastric oral it would it could be water bone and in rare cases, it could be oral or zoonotic mediated transfer so once helicobacter pylori enter our body it survives the harsh environment in the stomach and it kind of erodes the lining of the  stomach and ultimately it leads to the formation of a gastric ulcer or a duodenal ulcer now let's try to understand the ulceration process in a bit more details and how helicobacter pylori can survive  in the harsh environment inside the stomach here is the gastric mucosa and you can see the mucosal lining which contains several epithelial cells and several other cell types now this is the thick layer of mucus and even beyond the layer of mucus there would be gastric hcl in the stomach gastric hcl actually kills other bacteria but helicobacter pylori can survive in this extremely  low ph environment.

 let me tell you how helicobacter pylori actually produce one enzyme known as urease which actually buffers the acidic environment inside the stomach and let me tell you how so the rules enzyme can convert urea into ammonia and ammonia being basic can buffer the immediate surrounding of the helicobacter pylori and it can create a somewhat basic environment that allows the helicobacter pylori to survive other than that helicobacter pylori expresses some adhesion molecules known as adhesins this help the bacteria to attach to the epithelial cells and infect them helicobacter pylori has tufted flagella which help in chemotaxis and penetrate this thick layer of mucus other than that helicobacter pylori. secretes vac a and cag a which are two cytotoxins that are responsible for the infection and the pathogenicity of this bacterium so vac a can bind to the membrane of the bacteria and work as an adhesion molecule so it allows the surface adhesion of this bacteria vacay can also bind to specific receptors on the gastric mucosal cells and ultimately lead to an inflammatory signal and it leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines which brings out inflammation in this local region vac a can also bind to the mitochondrial membrane and allow the leakage of cytochrome c so when cytochrome c is released apoptosis is kind of triggered now we understand in the gastric mucosa there would be apoptosis of the cells there would be inflammation and all this lead to further inflammation and leaking of the gastric HCL into the mucosa which ultimately leads to the ulcer formation and it gives you that pain sensation where you when your stomach is empty.

 now let's talk about the diagnostic tests for helicobacter pylori and how it is diagnosed there are a few tests such as blood tests which check the antibodies against h pylori in your blood there is a breadth test there are several biomarkers in the brain which can give us a sense that whether you are infected with h pylori or not there could be also stool test where you provide your stool samples and the antigen test looks for helicobacter bilayer antigen in the stool but the best test for helicobacter pylori is endoscopy here uh here the doctor enters an endoscope through your elementary canal and try to visualize what happens in the stomach and he takes a small portion of the stomach and that is that is then sampled for or acid for helicobacter pylori so there are small strips available and which is used to perform urea's test as i have mentioned already that helicobacter pylori has urea's enzyme so obviously here in this particular spot there is urea so if there is urease there would be ammonia production and the indicator which is present in this spot will change the color that simply boils down to if you have red coloration that means you have helicobacter pilot infection and it's positive but if the color comes to yellow that means you don't have any infection this is how we can rapidly understand whether there is a infection of helicobacter pylori or not let's talk about treatment option so obviously it's a bacteria then the treatment option is antibiotics but along with antibiotics a proton pump inhibitor can reduce the acidity in the stomach and it can relieve the symptoms of ulceration among the common choice of

antibiotics amoxicillin then clarithromycin metronidazole and tetracycline are some of the mostly used choices but obviously it's important to consult a doctor for his or her opinion in this situation so i hope now you can understand easly.

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